精萘作為重要的化工原料，在染料制造、塑料加工及醫(yī)藥合成等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用。其獨(dú)特的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)決定了使用過(guò)程中必須建立嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)陌踩芾眢w系，通過(guò)規(guī)范操作與科學(xué)防護(hù)，將職業(yè)暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制在合理范圍。

　　Naphthalene, as an important chemical raw material, plays a crucial role in fields such as dye manufacturing, plastic processing, and pharmaceutical synthesis. Its unique physical and chemical properties require the establishment of a rigorous safety management system during use, which controls occupational exposure risks within a reasonable range through standardized operations and scientific protection.

　　操作環(huán)境管控

　　Operating environment control

　　在密閉空間或通風(fēng)不良區(qū)域使用精萘?xí)r，必須建立三級(jí)防護(hù)體系?；A(chǔ)層配備軸流風(fēng)機(jī)保持空氣置換率每小時(shí)不低于6次，中間層設(shè)置活性炭吸附裝置過(guò)濾揮發(fā)氣體，頂層安裝VOCs在線(xiàn)監(jiān)測(cè)儀實(shí)時(shí)預(yù)警。操作臺(tái)面應(yīng)采用304不銹鋼材質(zhì)，配備防靜電接地裝置，避免摩擦產(chǎn)生靜電火花。接觸精萘的容器具需選用玻璃、搪瓷或HDPE材質(zhì)，禁止使用普通塑料器具防止?jié)B透腐蝕。

　　When using refined naphthalene in confined spaces or poorly ventilated areas, a three-level protection system must be established. The basic layer is equipped with axial flow fans to maintain an air replacement rate of no less than 6 times per hour. The middle layer is equipped with activated carbon adsorption devices to filter volatile gases, and the top layer is equipped with VOCs online monitoring devices for real-time warning. The operating table should be made of 304 stainless steel material and equipped with anti-static grounding device to avoid static sparks caused by friction. Containers that come into contact with refined naphthalene should be made of glass, enamel or HDPE materials, and the use of ordinary plastic tools is prohibited to prevent penetration corrosion.

　　個(gè)體防護(hù)裝備

　　Personal protective equipment

　　針對(duì)不同暴露途徑構(gòu)建三重防護(hù)屏障。呼吸防護(hù)需佩戴KN100級(jí)防塵口罩，搭配有機(jī)氣體濾毒盒，定期進(jìn)行密合性測(cè)試。皮膚防護(hù)采用丁腈橡膠手套與防化服組合，袖口、褲腳需用魔術(shù)貼密封，避免皮膚直接接觸。眼部防護(hù)配置全包圍式護(hù)目鏡，防止飛濺物進(jìn)入。在粉塵作業(yè)環(huán)境，還需穿戴連體式防塵服，外層噴涂抗靜電處理劑。

　　Build triple protection barriers for different exposure pathways. Respiratory protection requires wearing a KN100 dust mask, paired with an organic gas filter box, and undergoing regular tightness testing. Skin protection uses a combination of nitrile rubber gloves and chemical resistant clothing. The cuffs and cuffs of the pants need to be sealed with Velcro to prevent direct skin contact. Eye protection is equipped with fully enclosed goggles to prevent splashes from entering. In dusty work environments, it is also necessary to wear a one-piece dust-proof suit and spray an anti-static treatment agent on the outer layer.

　　工藝安全規(guī)范

　　Process safety regulations

　　投料環(huán)節(jié)應(yīng)采用負(fù)壓輸送系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)密閉管道實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化計(jì)量，避免人工傾倒產(chǎn)生的粉塵擴(kuò)散。加熱工序需配備雙溫度控制系統(tǒng)，主控溫度設(shè)定值應(yīng)低于精萘燃點(diǎn)（80℃）5℃以上，輔控系統(tǒng)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)環(huán)境溫度。反應(yīng)釜攪拌裝置應(yīng)安裝防爆電機(jī)，轉(zhuǎn)速?lài)?yán)格控制在80rpm以下。設(shè)備檢修前必須執(zhí)行徹底清洗程序，使用不低于80℃的熱水循環(huán)沖洗2小時(shí)，檢測(cè)殘留量低于0.1%方可拆解。

　　The feeding process should use a negative pressure conveying system to achieve automated metering through closed pipelines, avoiding the spread of dust generated by manual dumping. The heating process requires a dual temperature control system, with the main control temperature set to be at least 5 ℃ lower than the ignition point of naphthalene (80 ℃), and the auxiliary control system monitoring the ambient temperature in real-time. The mixing device of the reaction kettle should be equipped with an explosion-proof motor, and the speed should be strictly controlled below 80rpm. Before equipment maintenance, a thorough cleaning procedure must be carried out, using hot water with a temperature not lower than 80 ℃ for 2 hours to cycle and rinse. Only when the residual content is less than 0.1% can it be disassembled.

　　應(yīng)急處理機(jī)制

　　Emergency response mechanism

　　建立泄漏處置三步法：小規(guī)模泄漏立即用砂土覆蓋，禁止用水直接沖洗；大規(guī)模泄漏啟動(dòng)應(yīng)急圍堰系統(tǒng)，用專(zhuān)用吸附棉收集回收。人員暴露應(yīng)急需區(qū)分接觸途徑，皮膚接觸立即用植物油擦拭15分鐘，禁用有機(jī)溶劑清洗；眼睛接觸使用生理鹽水持續(xù)沖洗20分鐘?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)配備自動(dòng)噴淋裝置，設(shè)置15秒快速響應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，配套建設(shè)應(yīng)急沖洗站。

　　Establish a three-step method for leak disposal: immediately cover small-scale leaks with sand and prohibit direct flushing with water; Activate the emergency cofferdam system for large-scale leakage and collect and recycle using specialized adsorption cotton. Personnel exposure should urgently distinguish the contact routes. Skin contact should be immediately wiped with vegetable oil for 15 minutes, and organic solvents should be avoided for cleaning; Eye contact: Rinse continuously with physiological saline for 20 minutes. Equipped with automatic sprinkler system on site, set up a 15 second rapid response system, and build an emergency flushing station.

　　健康監(jiān)測(cè)體系

　　Health monitoring system

　　從業(yè)人員需建立職業(yè)健康檔案，包含血常規(guī)、肝功能、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)檢查等基礎(chǔ)指標(biāo)。接觸人員每半年進(jìn)行專(zhuān)項(xiàng)體檢，重點(diǎn)監(jiān)測(cè)血萘濃度、尿酚代謝物等生物標(biāo)志物。設(shè)置崗位輪換制度，連續(xù)作業(yè)不超過(guò)4小時(shí)，作業(yè)后必須進(jìn)行全身清潔，更換的防護(hù)服需單獨(dú)封裝處理。建立健康異?？焖偻ǖ溃霈F(xiàn)頭暈、皮疹等癥狀立即啟動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)觀察。

　　Employees are required to establish occupational health records, including basic indicators such as blood routine, liver function, and neurological examination. Contact personnel undergo specialized physical examinations every six months, with a focus on monitoring biomarkers such as blood naphthalene concentration and urinary phenol metabolites. Establish a job rotation system, with continuous work not exceeding 4 hours. After work, the entire body must be cleaned, and any protective clothing that needs to be replaced must be individually sealed. Establish a fast track for health abnormalities, and immediately initiate medical observation if symptoms such as dizziness and rash occur.

　　廢棄物處理規(guī)程

　　Waste disposal regulations

　　生產(chǎn)廢渣需裝入雙層防滲包裝袋，委托具有危廢處理資質(zhì)單位處置。清洗廢水經(jīng)pH調(diào)節(jié)、活性炭吸附、芬頓氧化三級(jí)處理，確保化學(xué)需氧量（COD）低于100mg/L方可排放。過(guò)期精萘需執(zhí)行退庫(kù)程序，在專(zhuān)用暫存柜分類(lèi)存放，粘貼危險(xiǎn)廢物標(biāo)識(shí)，建立出入庫(kù)電子臺(tái)賬。

　　Production waste residue needs to be packed in double-layer anti-seepage packaging bags and entrusted to units with hazardous waste treatment qualifications for disposal. The cleaning wastewater undergoes three-stage treatment including pH adjustment, activated carbon adsorption, and Fenton oxidation to ensure that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is below 100mg/L before discharge. Expired refined naphthalene needs to undergo a return procedure, be classified and stored in a dedicated temporary storage cabinet, with hazardous waste labels affixed, and an electronic ledger for inbound and outbound inventory established.

　　通過(guò)構(gòu)建環(huán)境-操作-個(gè)體-應(yīng)急四位一體的安全體系，可有效控制精萘使用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。企業(yè)應(yīng)定期組織安全演練，結(jié)合工藝改進(jìn)持續(xù)優(yōu)化防護(hù)方案，將安全管理從被動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向主動(dòng)預(yù)防，為從業(yè)人員構(gòu)筑全方位的職業(yè)健康屏障。

　　By building a safety system that integrates environment, operation, individual, and emergency response, the risk of using refined naphthalene can be effectively controlled. Enterprises should regularly organize safety drills, continuously optimize protection plans in conjunction with process improvement, shift safety management from passive response to proactive prevention, and build a comprehensive occupational health barrier for employees.

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